Social Marketing Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Social Marketing - Case Study Example One vendor representative shared the experience that it was difficult to convince ATV riders who previously rehearsed negative behavior patterns to stop them. Q8. Youthful ATV riders and especially those of somewhere in the range of 10 and 12 years old were chosen as the intended interest group. It was on the grounds that the quantitative information and center gathering members distinguished them as having a critical requirement for wellbeing messages. High paces of mortality and dismalness were experienced for kids underneath 16 years. Q9. Objectives are more extensive in scope than targets and show general goals that may not be quantifiable. Goals are thin in extension, concrete and quantifiable as they are set for specific errands. Objectives make some more drawn out memories outline while destinations are momentary exact targets. Q11. Explicit social destinations: To guarantee that the intended interest group realized how to deal with an ATV, wore a head protector, disregarded negative friend pressure, urged others to be sheltered, inspected the driving condition, and delighted in riding an ATV. Q13. Understudies particularly recollected the accompanying structure the battle; wearing appropriate riding rigging and head protector, not riding on cleared streets, not conveying a traveler while driving, driving the right size machine, and others for the most part reviewing that they ought to be sheltered. Q14. School matured understudies were significant in the developmental exploration to help catch the genuine encounters and convictions of ATV riders to create and execute a fitting educational program for the youngsters. Kerry, B., Brandi N., and Maria B. (2012). Utilizing Social Marketing Processes to Develop and Pilot-Test an Intervention for Pre-Teen All-Terrain Vehicle (ATV) Riders. Diary of Emergency Medicine, 60(4),

5 Core WordPress Features That You Should Use More Often

WordPress is the universes most well known substance the board framework, and even with its moderate out-of-the-container usefulness, it isâ far more powerfulâ than you may think. Wereâ not simply discussing the thought of utilizing modules like Jetpack to broaden the stages center usefulness either there are probablyâ built-in center WordPress highlights youâ are uninformed of.In actuality, its conceivable that you have usefulness boosting modules introduced on your WordPress site right now that, as a general rule, dont should be there. Luckily, all center WordPress features are anything but difficult to track down, and are fit to be utilized on your site right now.In this post, we uncover five center WordPress highlights that you presumably dont think about, yet should improve use of. Lets get started:Core WordPress highlights to utilize more often:1. Interruption free composing modeResisting interruptions and doing combating lingering are an integral part of a bloggers da y by day schedule. To assist you with concentrating on your composition, WordPress has a convenient interruption free composing mode incorporated right with its local editor.Where to discover itThe interruption free composing mode catch can be found inside the TinyMCE supervisor on any alter page. Just snap the symbol situated in the upper right hand corner of the editorial manager, and WordPress hides both the meta boxes on the right,â and the dashboardâ menu on the left. It even darken the bar at the top ofâ the page to guarantee your eyes dont wander.All of this serves toâ bring the editorial manager itself to the cutting edge, enablingâ you to concentrate on putting pen to paper (so to speak).2. The Theme CustomizerCustomizing your WordPress topic †particularly inside the setting of a total overhaul â€â canâ quickly impede you. There are a lot of topic engineers who have seen this and made custom dashboard editors trying to calm clients of the strain.However, the frequently neglected WordPress Theme Customizer still has its place, and isâ a incredible wayâ to make speedy subject adjustments without trawling through the choices in a custom arrangement. More than that, its really the prescribed method of modifying a theme.Where to discover itThe WordPress Theme Customizer can be discovered under Appearance/Customize inside the WordPress sidebar. From here you approach toâ a number of customizations, contingent upon the topic youre utilizing. At any rate, youll have the option to change your websitesâ title and slogan, logo, menu structure, and shading scheme.With the recent WordPress 4.5 update, WordPress Theme Customizer has seenâ a number of new additions,â making it a much progressively suitable option for snappy customization. Truth be told, we love the WordPress Customizer so much weve made a far reaching guideâ on how to go through it to tidy your sites design.3. The class and labels converterThe structure of your WordPress site may change after some time. As you get familiar with how toâ organize your site, youll find better approaches to use classifications and labels to help clients toâ find related content.As such, you may in the end up expecting to change over your sites classifications into labels (or the other way around). This procedure can assist with rebuilding the manner in which your blog entries and pages are served up to your perusers †especially if youre thinking aboutâ swapping your WordPress topic for something somewhat more awesome. What's more, this is the place the following one of our center WordPress highlights comes into play.Where to discover itThe Categories and Tags Converter can be found by going to the Tools menu, at that point Import. You can pick convert Categories to Tags or Tags to Categoriesâ before making your individual determinations. In the wake of tapping the Convert button, WordPress will at that point handle theâ technical stuff.4. CSS classes for menusHave you at any point needed to redo the look and feel of individual menus, submenus, and menu catches? WordPress as of now has you covered!By initiating custom CSS classes for your WordPress menus, you can undoubtedly add CSS code without exitting the Menusâ edit page. Its a speedy and simple approach profound on tweaking the structure of your menus, all from a recognizable interface.Where to discover itBefore you can utilize the CSS Classes choice, youll need to enact it from the Screen Options tab at the highest point of the Menus screen. Snap the tab, and it will open out to show a few checkboxes. Snap the CSS Classes box under the Show propelled menu properties segment, andâ youll see the fieldâ appear inside any menu things options.5. The Press This toolPress This is a bookmarklet thatâ can be moved into your programs bookmark bar. Byâ clicking the catch at whatever point youre perusing a fascinating site page, you can rapidly post a connection and a short commentar yâ directly to your WordPress site. Its at that point promptly distributed as a blog post.Its a fabulously snappy, simple, and keen approach to alertâ your perusers to energizing substance as and when you discover it around the internet.Where to discover itYou canâ access the Press This catch by navigatingâ to the Tools menu, at that point the Available Tools tab. Basically drag it to your programs bookmarks bar, and its all set. You can likewise get to Press This for mobiles utilizing the Open Press This catch, including it as you would some other bookmark on your device.ConclusionWordPress is as of now a powerhouse content administration framework, yet by utilizing some generally obscure coreâ functionality, you can cause it to go the additional mile without falling back on plugins.To recap, here are the five center WordPress highlights you couldâ make better use sans of:distraction composing mode: For a progressively engaged composing experience.Theme Customizer: To adjust WordPress sites rapidly inside a natural interface.The Category to Tags Converter: For re-organizing the classifications and labels that make up your WordPress website.CSS classes for menus: For adding custom CSS code to your menus, submenus, and individual menu buttons.Press This: To help you rapidly share recently discoveredâ content with your crowd, straightforwardly from your programs bookmark bar.Are there some other core WordPress highlights that dont get the props they merit? Offer them with us in the remarks segment underneath!

6 Personal Finance Twitter Accounts You Should Follow Today!

6 Personal Finance Twitter Accounts You Should Follow Today! 6 Personal Finance Twitter Accounts You Should Follow Today! 6 Personal Finance Twitter Accounts You Should Follow Today!The best part about Thanksgiving is getting to see family. The worst part about Thanksgiving can be having to spend the whole day with them.So if you’re in need of some digital distractions next week, why not follow these six stellar, personal finance-focused Twitter accounts? Here are some of our favorite personal finance Twitter personalities who can help you save up some money to travel for the holidays next year!1. Lucas Peterson, aka Frugal Travelerâ€"@frugaltravelerTwitter Bio: Tweets from The New York Times Frugal Traveler. Seeking out high style on a low budget. @nytimes @nytimestravelWhat We Say: This dude will seriously make you want to travel everywhere and try everything he writes about. But the really cool thing is that you could actually do it! Amazing, budget-friendly travel tips.2. Amiyrah Martin, aka 4 Hats and Frugalâ€"@AmiyrahMartinTwitter Bio: NJ wife, mom, Air Force Sarge, and Star Wars fan. Creator of 4 Hats and Frugal, where we teach families how to have fun on a dime, and live a full life on less.What We Say: Great writing on family, frugality, food, and fun, Make sure you also subscribe to her Youtube channel!3. Chonce Maddox, aka My Debt Epiphanyâ€"@MyDebtEpiphanyTwitter Bio: #PersonalFinance blogger and #PassionateWriter. Trying to balance living a good life now and saving for later.What We Say: On a family journey to pay down $40,000 in debt, Chonce offers no-nonsense financial advice across a wide range of categories.4. Dr. Budget, M.D.â€"@DoctorBudgetTwitter Bio: Author of #BudgetOrDie. Providing sound financial coaching for the masses. #Millennial #PersonalFinance#MoneyTalk #FinLit #BudgetOrDie#InvestorWhat We Say: Wanna get serious about getting your finances in order and building your net worth? Well, lucky for you, the doctor is IN.5. Clarissa Wilsonâ€"@clarissaawilsonTwitter Bio: Im Clarissa Wilson, a money relationship coach, helping women develop their relationshi p with their money for financial freedom.What We Say: Life is about relationships. And If you have a bad relationship with your money, your life is going to suffer. Clarissa can help you change that.6. Prudent Penny Pincherâ€"@__PennyPincherTwitter Bio: I blog about saving money, personal finance and affordable meal plans / recipes. #SavingMoney #FrugalLivingWhat We Say: This blog is new, it just dropped this past summer. But you know what else dropped this past summer? Pokemon Go. Are we saying this is the Pokemon Go of personal finance blogs? Maybe! Why don’t you give Stephy a follow and decide for yourself?Make you sure you follow us too! You can find us at @OppLoans.Happy Holidays and Happy Tweeting! Visit OppLoans on YouTube | Facebook | Twitter | LinkedIN

Reasons behind the Stamp Act Essay - 607 Words

Britain was a very powerful empire, which, by force, took Native Indian land, and made it their colonial territory. These lands were obtained out of greed because the English crown wanted resources, power and money. The Stamp Act was a way to generate revenue to pay British military, but due to the amount of money generated it was used for many other purposes as well. Parliament established this act not only as a source of income, but as a way of showing colonists who ruled. England had, subconsciously, let the colonies have partial freedom on their governmental affairs; they did not expect it to affect them economically. Colonists were like England’s rebel child that had a leach way too long, and, once they started pulling at it,†¦show more content†¦Britain however was an unfair parent because instead of looking out for the colonists best interested they were looking for their needs to be satisfied no matter what the action resulted in. The colonists might have rebe lled against the mother country because maybe they felt used, and as if they were not real British citizens instead just a source of land, money and power. Colonists were barely able to support themselves, nevertheless Britain still expected them to pay all taxes and follow all instructions given. This was an outrage in the eyes of the colonists because they felt that they were being taken advantage of. Britain knew that they needed to generate money and that paper was the one thing boosting creation wise in the colonies since now newspaper were being created and many legal documents were used. They took advantage of the somewhat technology of the colonies and tax all printed papers which were the colonists source of information. The parliament outsmarted the colonists because their lack of education and need for information drove them to pay the high prices for obtaining legalization and information. This tax was originally created for support of the troops, but the abundance of money obtained helped parliament separate from the need for bribesShow MoreRelatedConventional View of the American Revolution1206 Words   |  5 PagesThe ca uses of American Revolution Many historians believe that there are mainly economical and political reasons behind the American Revolution. The tyrannical and foreign British rulers pave the way for the Americans to rise. If we go through history of revolution, we would come to know that there were mainly thirteen colonies, showing resentment. These thirteen colonies were between South Carolina and Maine. These colonies were originally established for trade and prestige. The other coloniesRead MoreThe Reasons Behind The Writing Of The Declaration Of Independence896 Words   |  4 PagesThe Reasons Behind the Writing of the Declaration of Independence There were several events that led up to the writing and publication of the Declaration of Independence. The colonists did not understand why they were being taxed on items such as stamps and tea which was extremely essential to the colonists at this time. The phrase â€Å"taxation without representation† was used by the colonists to show their outrage with these taxes from England. They set out to rebel and started the American RevolutionRead MoreAnalysis Of The American Revolutionary War ( 1775-1783 )1662 Words   |  7 PagesBritain, Parliament decided they need a way to pay for the bills of the war. King George pressed for money from the colonists and taxed them in order to pay for the war. Parliament (England’ Congress) placed several taxes including the Sugar Act and the Stamp Act, along with other laws that helped Britain collect money. Parliament must enforce regulations that help pay for the war that doesn’t impose on the Colonists, and the Colonist nee d to respect the boundaries set by the king. Since the FrenchRead MoreThe British Of American Liberty Destruction1247 Words   |  5 Pagessociety. The imperial crisis encouraged a range of parties with included tenants, slaves, artisans, and women even those who loved the Crown and in part the of the definition of liberty, which means the condition or state of people who then are able to act and speak freely or the power to choose what they want to do and have no limitation to themselves or despotic government or control, in whole new ideas. Some things that led the way to the independence of the United States of America were the violationRead MoreThe American Revolution : A Significant Part Of American History1399 Words   |  6 Pages The American Revolution is a very significant part of American History. It is more than just a course for credit. After all, it is the reason behind the birth of this great nation. The American Revolution took place between 1765 and 1783 during which the colonists in the thirteen American colonies rejected the British monarchy and aristocracy, overthrew the authority of Great Britain and founded the the United States of America. By 1763 the crisis had begun to develop. John Adams was right whenRead More Welfare Essay1456 Words   |  6 PagesFamilies with Dependent Children (A.F.D.C.). The A.F.D.C. was created after the passing of the Social Security Act of 1935. Throughout the last 60 years, the welfare system has faced many changes, including the 1988 Family Support Act, which requires most welfare recipients to enter a job-training program (Lacayo, 3). The other federally funded welfare programs include Medicaid, Food Stamps and Supplemental Security Income (SSI). Each of these programs contribute to the high cost paid by the federalRead MoreThe Change Of The New World1300 Words   |  6 Pagesstarted with the Stamp Act. That separation did not go quietly; however, it led to the colonists developing their own country. The British government had recently just ended a harsh Seven Years war that left them greatly in debt. Great Britain had to establish policies that would create more money for their government positions (â€Å"1773†). The Stamp Act was implemented in 1765 by Britain, and the new taxation laws that fell under the act would raise significant funds (â€Å"Stamp Act†). These financesRead MoreThe American Revolution : The King Of America Essay1659 Words   |  7 Pagesin reference to the Stamp Act. For the frontiersmen, the issue stemmed from the Proclamation of 1763, which hindered the ability of the ever growing colonies to expand West. This gives validation to the claim that from 1770 to 1776, there were many personal reasons that influenced settlers from all walks of life to reach the same conclusion and unite under the true patriotic cause. The personal influences stemming from the media, personal interactions between settlers, and acts implemented by parliamentRea d MoreThe Stamp Act and the Tea Act1748 Words   |  7 Pagestheir ideas were best expressed through the rights they determined Americans had, what roles they each played in saving those rights and how important they thought those rights were. They got together and formed in 1765, in Boston right after the stamp act and that’s originally where they got their name. They had another name that they were also known as called the loyalist. They had quite an amount of members and they all were helpful in some way. The men’s who leaded this party were John Adams, SamuelRead MoreWhy Did Jefferson Argue That Religious Freedom Is Needed?893 Words   |  4 Pagesreligious devotee. Inspecting his explanations behind this may help even the individuals who share his doubt toward customary, sorted out religion to welcome the case for shielding America s truly expansive securities for the free practice of religion. Thomas Jefferson supported religious opportunity not out of any strict devout commitment, but rather out of his bits of knowledge into human instinct and the way of good state leadership. 1 Thomas Jefferson. An Act for Establishing Religious Freedom, 16

Persuasive Essay About Adoption - 1324 Words

Would you ever adopt a kid? Thousands of kids are accepted into good homes every day, but so many are also put into bad homes. Are there ways to prevent this from happening? Once kids are accepted into homes, there are no more checkups into the home after legalization of the child. Most of the time kids will not take the initiative to tell anybody about their problems with their newly found homes. The kids are thankful for their new home and sometimes too scared to tell anybody about their problems simply because they are scared what will come next, so that is where the people around them come into play. Those people are there to notice these things for the sake of the child. Several kids earn the right to be adopted, unfortunately†¦show more content†¦Sometimes the couple will not like the kid even though they think they want to adopt,. They will hold a grudge on the kid who never done anything to them but simply because they couldn’t have kids or cannot make it so they cheat the system and receive money for adopting. When the couple both conclude that they would like to adopt, either for the good or bad, the couple now needs to pick an agency to go through. Almost all agencies have applications the family has to fill out before even being considered. Normally these applications are just of you and your spouse, it asks for the basic information. If the agency you chose requires the couple to attend a seminar and complete online training like AGC does, then you need to attend these required responsibilities (The Adoption Process with AGC). The couple will also need to complete the adoption home study. This is where the couple will be assigned a social worker. When the social worker comes to your house they will collect paperwork such as: medical statements, financial statements, personal references, and criminal and child abuse clearances (The Adoption Process with AGC). The couple’s new social worker will make home recommen dations and judges the couples overall readiness on adopting a child. With this if you have the right home, the right look, and the right amount of money you could very easily fool your social worker into thinking you are a great couple. The couple needs to conduct a print profile and aShow MoreRelatedPersuasive Essay About Gay Adoption1639 Words   |  7 PagesWhat do these words have in common? They don’t describe gay adoption. The common misconceptualization that gay people get to choose their sexuality is false, so why should parents who were born with a different sexuality be scorned for wanting to adopt? Most people agree with the statement that children deserve to live in a home with a loving family rather than be stuck in an orphanage until they’re old enough to live alone. Same sex adoption has success stories, studies, and statistics that back upRead MoreExamples Of Persuasive Speech On Adoption882 Words   |  4 Pagesand your spouse should look into ado ption. Now at this point there some of you that would jump right into to the process of adoption, but there’s others who would have second thoughts, no interest, or fears of adopting a child. The reason being is you’ve probably heard misconceptions or heard horrible stories of adoption. Don’t worry everyone fears something in life, but giving an child another life to live shouldn’t be one. I’m going to convince you that the adoption process is a good, health, andRead MoreThe Same Sex Marriage Should Be Equal Rights1393 Words   |  6 PagesAnother persuasive data is the constitutions which is based on the civil rights protection and ensure that each citizens has the right to participate in public social life. According to records, there are plenty of international civil rights declaration documents consider marriage and family as individuals or groups who are entitled to the protection of the government as human beings.† The US Supreme Court ruled by a 5-to-4 vote on Friday that constitution guarantees a right to homosexual marriageRead MoreThe Map of Art History Uses Order and Classification by Listing of Fields, Library System, and Plotting in Space and Time1053 Words   |  5 PagesThe Map of Art History essay is about how art history uses disciplines in societies to represents itself through order and classification. From many observations and theories it considers three subject: first is the listing of fields in art history, second is the library system is for categorizing art books, and third is the plotting of space and time in art history from survey texts. Also in the discussion the writer talks about the geography of art history such as where does the idea appear fromRead MoreRhetorical Analysis Of Steve Jobs Commencement Speech929 Words   |  4 Pagesat their Commencement. The rhetor is trying to establish a peer to peer relationships between the graduates and himself. The assumption ab out the graduates that the Rhetor seems to make is: graduates we are not so different, if I can you can. The genre chosen by this rhetor is a personal essay, befitting of someone as charismatic as Steve Jobs. A personal essay is an emotional experience for a rhetor and the audience. The success in crafting a story capable of capturing and captivating an audienceRead MorePersuasive Speech On Abortion734 Words   |  3 PagesPersuasive Essay-My Stand on Abortion Fatty cheeks, fat hands and feet, and the cutest face is what I see when I look at a baby. In my opinion babies are the most gorgeous things on earth. Every time I see one I tell myself, I cant wait to have one of my own someday. So, in saying all of this, why would anyone want to give up the joy of having a baby in their arms? Why would anyone have an abortion? They are killing an innocent child who could have become an amazing person and the mother will haveRead MoreThe Criminalization Of Prostitution Does More Harm Than Good When Often Women1275 Words   |  6 Pagesprostitution instead. I thought overall my essay turned out pretty good; prostitution was an interesting topic to research and write about. I think my essay could have been a bit better because I was a bit pressed for time these past few weeks with finals, and I didn’t get the chance to have another person read the final product. I think that if I were to revise it again, I would have another person take a look at the final essay and give me some feedback about the strength of my overall argument. IRead MoreDisney / Pixar, By Ken Gillam And Shannon R. Movie1512 Words   |  7 Pagesprotagonists of their highly successful animated feature films. From 1995 to 2008, Disney/Pixar released eight films, all of which included a male lead, yet these characters are arguably unlike any other protagonist in early Disney animated films. In their essay, â€Å"Post-Princess Models of Gender: The New Man in Disney/Pixar,† Ken Gillam and Shannon R. Wooden call attention to the new manner Disney/Pixar use to depict their heroic male characters in their movies. Gillam and Wooden claim that Pixar is using theirRead MoreAnalysis : President Olusegun Obasanjo1248 Words   |  5 PagesAfrican agro-dealers, farmers, and policy makers. Delivering its first mineral fertilizer shipment to Africa in 1929 and offering a permanent presence in Africa since 1985† (Yara’s History in Africa). His correct fact about the Yara Prize is the statement that informs the reader about renaming and moving of the prize â€Å"But moving it to Africa in 2016 and rechristening it the Africa Food Prize has given the award a distinctive African home, African identity and African ownership† (Obasanjo). HoweverRead MoreAn Author of Two Worlds: Pearl S. Buck Essay1729 Words   |  7 PagesPearl S. Buck was the â€Å"Link between China and America.† (Spurling, 109.) Her rich childhood, filled to the brim with inspiration, led her to a career writing books about her homeland of China to her fellow Americans. After large success, she also became an active member of the civil rights movement and also had her own adoption agency. Persevering through opposition from Christians and Communists alike, the Pulitzer and Nobel Prize-winner Pearl S. Buck was one of the most influential women in

Open Boat - 1478 Words

The Open Boat What can Man do when faced with a Universe that has no concern for him? Begin to contemplate the belief that man has a role in the universe, that existence should mean something. A feeling of loneliness is conveyed from the understanding that man is alone in the universe and insignificant to the workings of the universe. In â€Å"The Open Boat† by Stephen Crane, Crane exemplifies mans insignificance to the universe and nature because ultimately fate decides and fate is an indifferent, uncontrollable, and inevitable force that possesses no consciousness that people can understand. â€Å"The Open Boat† reflects Naturalistic ideas, the era in the late nineteenth century when American was growing rapidly and the individual felt†¦show more content†¦James B. Colvert, a chief critic, agrees that the sea is described as hostile and indifferent force (â€Å"Stephen† 112). At the end of the story the correspondent it taken away by the swift current but whirled ba ck toward the land, the very thing that has put him in harm’s way has saved him (Crane 239). Along with the death of the oiler, Crane shows that nature does not act out of motivation and fate is inevitable. The internal conflict resides in the men’s realization that their survival is uncontrollable; it is up to fate. In â€Å"The Open Boat† by Stephen Crane it states, â€Å"If I am going to be drowned- if I am going to be drowned- if I am going to be drowned, why, in the name of the seven mad gods who rule the sea, was I allowed to come thus far and contemplate sand and trees?† (Crane 232). This statement refers to the god’s who are traditionally in men’s lives as being absent toward the abandoned men. This statement alludes to Peter denying Jesus; man denying God, but Crane inverts this scene to God denying man. â€Å"Irony is Crane’s chief technical instrument,† explains critic Robert Wooster Stallman (â€Å"Stephen† 1 08). In the statement â€Å"When it occurs to man that nature does not regard him as important†¦ he at first wishes to throw bricks at the temple, and he hates deeply the fact that there are no bricks and no temples†¦ Thereafter he knows the pathos of his situation,† itShow MoreRelated Open Boat Essay1127 Words   |  5 Pagesfull picture to the events that transpired that cold January are uncovered. â€Å"The Open Boat,† is very rich in symbolism. Symbolism evokes or describes ideas and feelings through the use of symbolic images. In chapter seven of â€Å"The Open Boat,† the narrator describes a tower. â€Å"It was a giant, standing with its back to the plight of the ants† (Crane 297). The tower represents many different things. To the men in the boat the tower may represent freedom, hope, or a win against nature. While to the readerRead More The Open Boat Essay2641 Words   |  11 Pagesâ€Å"When it came night, the white waves passed to and fro in the moonlight, and the wind brought the sound of the great sea’s voice to the men on the shore, and they felt they could then be interpreters† (Crane 370). â€Å"The Open Boat,† written by Stephen Crane, describes the journey of four men stranded in a dinghy in the middle of the ocean and the hardships that had to be faced in order to survive. This story is not only a riveting story, keepin g readers on the edge of their seat, but the story alsoRead MoreThe Open Boat Essay797 Words   |  4 PagesThe Open Boat implies the overall relationship between the individual and nature. This sentence also implies the limitations of anyones perspective. The men in the boat concentrate so much on the danger they are in, that they are oblivious and unaware to everything else; in other words, maybe lacking experience. The Open Boat begins with a description of four men aboard a small boat on a rough sea. The central theme of this story is about confronting Nature itself. The Open Boat is StephenRead More The Open Boat Essay575 Words   |  3 Pages Open Boat Symbolism allows writers to suggest their ideas within a piece of literature. This is found in most types of writing. Stephen Crane expresses this in his short story, The Open Boat. Through symbolism and allegory, it is demonstrated that humans live in a universe that is unconcerned with them. The characters in the story come face to face with this indifference and are nearly overcome by Nature’s lack of concern. This is established in the opening scenes, the â€Å"seven mad gods† and in theRead MoreAnalysis Of The Poem The Open Boat 1433 Words   |  6 PagesThe Unidentified Tone in â€Å"The Open Boat† The tone most readers find in â€Å"The Open Boat† by Stephen Crane is a person alone in the universe. That particular tone is the easiest to see when; a group of four men are in a ten foot dinghy with nothing to their north, south, east, and west except water around their position. â€Å"The men seem to recognize that they are helpless in the face of nature. Their lives could be lost at any moment by the most common of natural phenomena: a wave, a current, the windRead MoreThe Open Boat By Stephen Crane1076 Words   |  5 PagesThe Open Boat Analysis The Open Boat is a wildly creative text. The author explores fiction and philosophy to achieve a balance of literature professionalism. The text is a masterpiece reality expressed through the creation of characters representatives of society and day to day living. Symbolic use of characters and human titles plays a key role in delivering the message of the author. Stephen Crane, the author exploits the power of harmony to establish a relationship where every individual isRead MoreThe Open Boat By Stephen Crane1197 Words   |  5 Pagesturn from the romantic view of the world to a more natural take of the universe. One of the better portrayals of this naturalistic view is Stephen Crane’s â€Å"The Open Boat† in which the short story exhibits the lives of four men cast out at sea after their steamer, the Commodore, sank and they were then forced to take refuge in a life boat. This story follows the men through the focalizing viewpoint of the correspondent and descriptiv ely as well as effectively portrays his psychologically changingRead MoreThe Open Boat by Stephen Crane980 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"The Open Boat† The relationship between man and nature Many stories talk about the idea of fate, the idea that no matter how much a person tries to survive, nature ultimately chooses the person’s path of life. The short story, â€Å"The Open Boat† by Stephen Crane illustrates the relationship between nature and man and how nature’s indifference towards man’s effort for survival. In this account, the narrator, Stephen Crane explains to the readers that no matter how hard one tries to fight nature inRead MoreThe Open Boat by Stephen Crane Essay1323 Words   |  6 PagesIn the story The Open Boat, by Stephen Crane, Crane uses many literary techniques to convey the stories overall theme. The story is centered on four men: a cook, a correspondent, Billie, an oiler who is the only character named in the story, and a captain. They are stranded in a lifeboat in stormy seas just off the coast of Florida, just after their ship has sunk. Although they can eventually see the shore, the waves are so big that it is too dan gerous to try to take the boat in to land. InsteadRead More Stephen Cranes The Open Boat Essay1033 Words   |  5 PagesCranes The Open Boat Humanity often tends to see itself as being somehow important in the grand scheme of the Universe. We speak of fate as if we were put here for some reason, or purpose. We have our religions, which often serve as an engine to drive our lives and as a means to give meaning to them. But why do we think of ourselves in such a superior fashion? Do we really matter at all? Would the Universe stop if we were suddenly taken away? In his short story, The Open Boat, Stephen Crane

Intergrating Technology in Business Organizations †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Intergrating Technology in Business Organizations. Answer: Introduction: Toyota Motor Corporation is an international business that specializes on the manufacture, production and sale of automotive appliances. It is actually Japanese multinational automotive company in the automotive industry whose headquarters are based Aichi, Japan. The company operates in more than 26 countries in the world with over 50 stores or rather locations overseas (Nkomo, 2013). From history, Toyota is the worlds largest and oldest automotive manufacturer, besides being listed in the top ten companies in relation to revenue earned per year. Being a multinational company, Toyota has employed more than 340, 000 skilled, experienced and knowledgeable employees all over the world. Since when it was started back in 1937 by Kiichiro Toyoda, the company has been increasing and improving its performance and productivity year after year (New, 2007). Toyota has been named as one of the top most ranked companies that have manufactured the most number of cars since they were commenced. The vehicles of the company are sold in over 170 countries in the world. General Motors Company, also known as the GM is a multinational company that operates from Detroit, Michigan, US. The company was founded in 1908 by William C. Durant. GM Company specializes on the production and manufacture of automotive appliances which it sells all over the world(Twarowska and K?kol, 2013). In addition to manufacturing, the company also designs, markets and distributes both vehicle spare parts and vehicles themselves. The business operates in most of the technologically developed countries like in China Russia, Pakistan, India and USA. The company is currently listed as one of the largest developing automotive businesses in the world especially after being termed as the largest automotive manufacture in the world from 1931-2007. For the company to stay as on going, it has always been updated when it comes to technology usage and advancement (Chibafa, 2016). GMs product quality improves when the technology is improved. Besides relying on the technology to manufacture their products, the companies also concentrates on ensuring that their corporate governance, management team, marketing operations, sales techniques, advertising and the actual manufacturing processes are also effective(Gawer, 2014). However, in this modern technological world, most businesses are currently relying on the technology to conduct most of their business operations, including making sales, procurement, marketing and advertising, production processes, management, communication to name just but a few (Gaimon et al, 2017). Therefore, Toyota and GM being global businesseshave always made use of the technology to perform these operations. In this assignment, the research will focus on discussing various major business aspects that global organizations like Toyota and GM have in common and the differences between the two in relation to these aspects. As for Toyota Company, it is clear that over the last decades, the company has grown and developed to become one of the best and largest automotive companies in the world. Apparently, it beat General Motors back in 2008 after General Motors failure in the industry. Toyota operates in a global scale operations whereby it has factories, assembling stores, selling markets and manufacturing locations in most parts of the world (Robbins et al, 2013), e.g. Australia, Sri Lanka, India, Canada, Indonesia, South Africa, Poland, France, Brazil, United Kingdom to name just but a few. For this reason, the company has concentrated on ensuring the continuous of its growth and development pattern by working on different strategies that can help it maintain its position in the global market and its revenue levels among other things (Ichijo and Kohlbacher, 2007). The globalization strategies used by the company mostly originate from the Japanese specialists that have access and experience in analyzin g and evaluating global markets especially in the automobile industry. Apparently, Toyota Motors uses the KAIZEN strategy whose principles focuses on product quality improvement and development. The strategy is an integrative strategy which means that it has many roles and functions to play in a businesss operations. Apparently, in this case, the strategy focuses on ensuring that there is gradual improvement, management and continuous business activities and procedures whose function and responsibility is to improve quality, productivity and competitiveness of a product/service produced by the company (Wang et al, 2016). The strategy basically focuses on ensuring that the products are of high and best quality by involving new technology in the manufacturing process. KAIZEN strategy in Toyota Company has played a major role in ensuring increased research and development by use of innovative technology with the aim of improving the companys production methods and many other operations like sales, marketing, assembling, advertising among others(Audenino, 2 012). With the strategy, the company is always able to maneuver in the global economic environment, achieve global production and sales and attracted more customers than other automotive companies simply because of the quality of the product it produces. Manufacturing Technology Interface To be the worlds most recognized and popular automotive company, Toyota focuses on developing and improving the resources that it uses to manufacture its products. As an automotive company, Toyota relies heavily on technology development and advancement (Stacks and Ulmer, 2009). On the other hand, it is important to note that with the current world, the technology advancement is becoming a drastic and frequent operation that causes immense positive impacts to the world. This means that, the companys resources become well equipped, available and effective for their purpose especially in the lean production brought about by the developed technology (Stacks and Ulmer, 2009). The company manufactures its products with the use of technology which is now evolving (Gawer, 2014). Recently, Toyota has started manufacturing electric cars which require much better and improved technology. The company has also been concentrating on improving the ITS technology that was introduced in vehicles. Ho wever much the company values technology development, it also values the modernization and revolution that is being brought about by the automotive companies in the world. According to Pil and Fujimoto, 2007, the companys lean and reflective manufacturing processes have and will always be based on the technology development levels. Toyota is an extremely large company that operates in almost all parts of the world. This means that its marketing operations should certainly be well managed and controlled for Toyota to maintain its leading position in the world. The companys product brands are famous and popular in most parts of the world. However, the competition from companies like GM has forced Toyota to increase and improve its marketing techniques into methods that can be effective and efficient for the company at large. In that case, the company has always utilized the nature of technology development into achieving its marketing objectives. The company has conducted its promotions, advertisements and marketing operations in the internet or rather social media networks like Instagram, Facebook, Twitter, Wikipedia, goggle among others. The company has pages on all of these sites and many others where it is able to communicate with and to its customers when need be. Through these sites, the company is able all its markets, employees, managers and customers around the world. Organization Technology Interface The organization technology is entirely related to the use of technology in ensuring effective and efficient organizational structure in a business. Toyota Company uses an organizational structure that is capable of affecting its technology innovation status (Loyd, 2016). The organizational structure is focused on ensuring effective and efficient production of the products. The companys structure is effectively coordinated by the top management team headed by a number of company presidents (Sosnovskikh, 2016). The roles and responsibilities allocated to each employee are specifically allocated according to the employees skills, expertise, experience and knowledge of the field (Robbins et al, 2013). Therefore, this means that in case of manufacturing (which is done by the IT department experts, then the company and employees does their best to ensure product production and quality standard achievement. Being an international company, General Motors has to focus on its customer base, product brand and name, business name and other aspects that contribute to improving a businesss value in the global market. The company takes a different turn when it focuses on its operations besides its customer base which is largest in US followed by China, Brazil, UK, Canada, Russia and Germany. The company uses a strategy that is currently being used by most motor companies (Twarowska and K?kol, 2013). The company uses the strategy whose product creation and manufacture focuses entirely on the global market and not a specific single market. Traditionally, GM used to use the developing countries as dumping sites for second hand or rather used cars. The company focused only on producing new cars for the already developed countries therefore being attributed to consumer discrimination. However, the company decided years back that it should concentrate on ensuring that it has a large market share and segment in the global market by considering every type of customer (Goussak et al, 2012). Also, for the last few years, the company has implemented some majorly important techniques to improve its overall operations, especially those that relate to product quality, growth, development and recognition, i.e. lead in production and technology, grow its product brand and line, grow its markets world-wide and ensure efficient operations. Manufacturing Technology Interface General Motors Company designs, builds and sells cars, trucks, buses, car spare parts and other automobile appliances. The company develops, manufactures and assembles the vehicles to sell in its international market whose competition levels are extremely high and close. However, to beat its competition, GM has focused on specialization of its 12 product brands which are: Buick, Cadillac, Chevrolet, GMC, Holden and Opel among others. The company has been focusing on improving its production volumes and product quality by focusing fully on improving its overall performance. The companys through put performance can however, be increased by improving and developing the product designs and operations relating to product manufacture (T. Rosell et al, 2014).This is only possible with technology advancement and modern technology implementation. Therefore, the company has always made use of its manufacturing technology by managing and controlling activities and procedures in its three major manufacturing related areas: It develops an algorithm that estimates the throughput performance by use of modern technology, pointing out system and operation bottlenecks and estimating buffer allocation (Bayou and De Korvin, 2008). Installation of real-time plant-floor-data-collecting systems that help support the algorithm system Created and developed a common process for identifying manufacturing opportunities and implementing performance improvements. Through these three activities in the manufacturing department, the company has been able to increase its product volumes, increase product quality and increase revenues eventually (Chang et al, 2008). Marketing Technology Interface Just like any other growing and expanding international business enterprise, General motors is has also adopted the use of the improved technology to conduct its sales and marketing operations. The company has always relied on technology development to perform its business operations. However, because of the recent high rates of technology development the companys marketing and advertising operations are made easier as well as more effective (Akamatsu et al, 2014). The emergence of increased social media use by the customers to view products, conduct product purchases, conduct product reviews and communicate to and with business organizations has affected automotive companies and led them into adopting these strategies. General Motors therefore uses the internet and other social networking sites to make its sales, conduct product promotions, marketing operations, product advertisements, general information sharing and updating to the consumers among other things. In addition to that, the company has also created its own websites and pages in the internet and the social media platforms like in Facebook, Twitter, LinkedIn and Instagram. The aim is either to penetrate different markets or expand its market. Organization Technology Interface An organizational structure of a company can be adversely affected by a businesss technology use. General Motors is headed by a board of directors, which is headed by the chairman and then the CEO, the Presidents, Vice presidents, other managers and then the employees respectively (Akamatsu et al, 2013). The structure is effective in such a way that the companys business operations are effective and efficient at the end of each day. The management team makes decisions that relate to every business aspects including technology advancement and usage. Therefore, ii is important to note that, the companys management team has always focused on choosing the best technology to be used in the business simply because its entire operations rely completely on technology advancement and status. Additionally, the company has also relied on technology to coordinate, supervise and allocate roles and responsibilities in the organization which makes it more effective than anything else in the company . TOYOTA CMPANY GENERAL MOTORS COMPANY Its global strategy focuses on the general business improvement but mostly on the increase and improvement of product quality which determines the value of the product by the customer hence determine market share and segment Focuses on improving its customer base (market share and segment) by changing its product focus to target every/any customer at any and every level. i.e. improving its focus on the developing countries markets as well rather than the developed countries only Main purpose is to use modern technology to improve product quality. Manufacturing operation aims at improving its overall business operations, its production volume and quality and production methods. Conclusion Toyota Motors and General Motors Companies are some of the worlds best and largest automobile producers and sellers. The companies have contributed immensely to society and economic prosperity by manufacturing and selling of automobile appliance and spare parts. The companies have maintained their position in the automobile global market by focusing on the use of the best, effective and efficient global strategies, manufacturing techniques and strategies, marketing strategies and organizational structures. However, all of these business aspects in these companies have been greatly affected and caused by technology which means that in case the technology improves, these aspects improve as well. In that case, I can say that technology is basically a major part of these companies operations and performance in the global market. References Audenino, A., 2012, December. Kaizen and Lean management autonomy and self-orientation, potentiality and reality. InCommunications, Computing and Control Applications (CCCA), 2012 2nd International Conference on(pp. 1-6). IEEE. Akamatsu, M., Green, P. and Bengler, K., 2013. Automotive technology and human factors research: Past, present, and future.International journal of vehicular technology,2013. Bayou, M.E. and De Korvin, A., 2008. Measuring the leanness of manufacturing systemsa case study of Ford Motor Company and General Motors.Journal of Engineering and Technology Management,25(4), pp.287-304. Chang, Q., Ni, J., Bandyopadhyay, P., Biller, S. and Xiao, G., 2007. Supervisory factory control based on real-time production feedback.Journal of manufacturing science and engineering,129(3), pp.653-660. Chibafa, A., 2016.Impact of multi-nationality on the value creation of publicly listed companies(Doctoral dissertation, University of Pretoria). Gaimon, C., Hora, M. and Ramachandran, K., 2017. Towards Building Multidisciplinary Knowledge on Management of Technology: An Introduction to the Special Issue.Production and Operations Management,26(4), pp.567-578. Gawer, A., 2014. Bridging differing perspectives on technological platforms: Toward an integrative framework.Research Policy,43(7), pp.1239-1249. Goussak, G.W., Webber, J.K. and Ser, E.M., 2012. A Critical Needs Plan for General Motors: A Cultural Pluralism Approach. Ichijo, K. and Kohlbacher, F., 2007. The Toyota way of global knowledge creation the'learn local, act global'strategy.International Journal of Automotive Technology and Management,7(2-3), pp.116-134. Loyd, N., 2016. Empirical Study of Toyota Motor Corporation Relative to the Good to Great Framework.Journal of Management Research,8(3), pp.15-30. New, S.J., 2007. Celebrating the enigma: the continuing puzzle of the Toyota Production System. Nkomo, T., 2013. Analysis of Toyota Motor Corporation. Pil, F.K. and Fujimoto, T., 2007. Lean and reflective production: the dynamic nature of production models.International journal of production research,45(16), pp.3741-3761. Robbins, S., De Cenzo, D., Coulter, M. and Woods, M., 2013.Management: the essentials. Pearson Higher Education AU. Sosnovskikh, S., 2016. Toyota Motor Corporation: Organizational Culture. Stacks, C. and Ulmer, J., 2009. Applied lean thinking: general usage principles.Technology Interface Journal,9(2), pp.1-13. Thompson, A., 2015. Toyotas generic strategy and intensive growth strategies.Retrieved April,27, p.2016. Rosell, D., Lakemond, N. and Nazli Wasti, S., 2014. Integrating knowledge with suppliers at the RD-manufacturing interface.Journal of Manufacturing Technology Management,25(2), pp.240-257. Twarowska, K. and K?kol, M., 2013. International Business Strategy-reasons and forms of expansion into foreign markets. InManagement, knowledge and learning International conference(pp. p1005-1011). Wang, C.N., Huang, Y.F., Le, T.N. and Ta, T.T., 2016. An innovative approach to enhancing the sustainable development of Japanese automobile suppliers.Sustainability,8(5), p.420.

tedd williams Essay Example

tedd williams Essay The Ted Williams Villanelle by Wendy Cope Ted Williams is known as one of the all time greats in baseball. During his long baseball career, Ted skipped some seasons and served as a Marine Corps pilot. During his time in WWII and the Korean War, we would all assume that Ted gained tremendous leadership skills. These skills helped him on the baseball field, and throughout his entire life. Ted could be mistaken as a coach in these lines. He talks to someone as if he is teaching them. He repeats himself constantly. Cope uses the line, Dont let anybody mess with your swing, four times. It is as if Ted is talking toa young baseball player. He then repeats a line about watching the ball and doing your thing. Ted is not telling the player to do whatever he wants, but more importantly to be comfortable at the plate. Being a former baseball player, I know that it can be nerve wrecking to be at the plate in close situations. Ted wants his players to be comfortable and confidante; because he knows thats when they will do best. When Ted talks about not letting someone mess with your swing, I believe that these lines have two different meanings. We will write a custom essay sample on tedd williams specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on tedd williams specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on tedd williams specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Baseball players change from team to eam, and see lots of new different coaches. Ted does not want a player to try and change up his batting style from year to year. He is not saying to not listen to coaching, but to stick with basic principles that they learned on. Ted is also referring to peoples characteristics. Often times, and especially now days, dugouts are loaded with all sorts of different people from different countries. He does not want the young player from Kentucky to show up in Boston and completely try to change his ways to fit in. He wants everyone to have their own character and charisma. He is aying that we should accept different people. This poem is very repetitive, but it is for a reason. It shows how much ofa leader Mr. Williams really was. This poem was not written by Ted, so obviously others new of him to act as a leader. The Critic that I chose was not very baseball knowledgeable. He did bring up former information on Ted, but on different subjects. However we both acknowledged that Ted was very repetitive. He did point something out that I liked. Cope uses the two most popular lines together at the very end of the poem. They were a same ending rhyme, and it finished the poem fantastically.

How to calm the mind before high-pressure tasks like public speaking

How to calm the mind before high-pressure tasks like public speaking The write road to brilliant public speaking Writing before high-pressure situations can raise your performance in them, according to new research. It may seem counter-intuitive, but taking a moment to focus on your fears by jotting them down can help you to rise to the challenge. And this can apply to anything that gets your adrenaline pumping, whether its facing public speaking, nailing a sales pitch, or representing your company in the annual bowling tournament. Under pressure Its a frustrating fact of life that the skill levels we know were capable of can seem to slip when were counting on them most. But feeling the pressure doesnt have to result in a performance dip, says University of Chicago psychology professor Sian Beilock, who co-authored the study with graduate student Gerardo Ramirez. They found that students who wrote down their anxieties 10 minutes before a maths test achieved significantly better results than another group, who were asked to sit quietly during the same time period. The researchers increased the pressure by telling the students they were to be recorded, and that they could win money if they did well. Not only did the first group outperform the second, they also beat their own scores from a previous test in which they had no additional pressures. Free your mind This problem of under-performing, or choking, often occurs when we overload our working memory. This is the part of the brain that temporarily holds onto and sorts out information relevant to our immediate task. Essentially, it enables us to do well. But when the pressure gets too much, it can no longer put the work in working. No doubt this is what happened to the students who sat and stewed before the maths test. But committing our fretting to paper acts like an intervention for the brain, focusing and calming the mind, while allowing us to re-evaluate the fears in question. For those students who are most anxious about success, says Beilock, one short writing intervention that brings testing pressures to the forefront enhances the likelihood of excelling, rather than failing, under pressure. Stepping up And even for those of us who thrive on pressure, this practice is still pertinent. Beilocks book, Choke: What the Secrets of the Brain Reveal About Getting it Right When You Have To, examines how everyone from boardroom executives to top athletes (Andy Murray, take note) can raise their game, or at least avoid letting the side down. We think this type of writing will help people perform their best in a variety of pressure-filled situations, says Beilock, whether it is a big presentation to a client, a speech to an audience or even a job interview.

Minor assessment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Minor assessment - Essay Example firm, on the other hand, is facing defective products from claims by the Spanish firm. The contract that the two companies signed contains an arbitration clause and alternative dispute resolution provision with choice of law features. This contract defines several key issues to be observed by the two companies in their dealings as partners in the business: their conduct, litigation and dispute resolution. These include the following factors: Castilla S.L. and New Jersey Inc. will work on an exclusive basis to purchase and resell chattels in the region defined by the two entities. Both companies accept the appointment on the terms and conditions set forth herein that obligates the companies to fulfill the requirements of this agreement. The term â€Å"Product† will mean the chattels that will be sold by the two companies. The two companies reserve the right to delete discontinued products upon thirty days’ written notice to all stakeholders. 1) The companies can agree to solve the problems out of court as partners because this option is available in the contract signed by both parties. They can come together to analyze the causes of the delivery delays by the Spanish distributor and the defective product claims by the Spanish firm. This option will be very important because the companies have not worked together for long and these problems could be because of minor issues that can be solved and ignored. 2) The second option would be for the firms to implement fully the clause from the contract that requires that any of the partners should pay for the risks if it is it found out that the firm deliberately caused the risk. This can be done by conducting an investigation to the problems and the participation of the firms. 3) The third option would be for the companies to allow the court to help them solve the dispute because this option is also provided under the contract. Both parties have claims against the other. Therefore, going to court could be the

The Devil Wears Prada Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The Devil Wears Prada - Essay Example Andrea is the "second assistant", the "first assistant" underscores to her, and that virtually makes her the "slave of a slave". Everyone in the organization and in that milieu tells her that, and yet in the same breath intimates that it is a job that every girl would die for. As the start, Andrea sees the job as merely her entry point into the more real world of journalism, and she hopes the training she would receive under her Dragon Lady of a boss would give her the qualifications and credentials for more serious work. Gradually though, she is fascinated by the glitter and glamour of the world that she has entered and finds herself struggling not only to survive but to conquer, using the very tools of the trade, so to speak, necessary to get ahead. She is, in fact, obviously also fascinated by the persona and aura projected by her boss, Melinda, a sleek, soft-spoken lady who inspires and commands respect and fear because she wields such power and influence within the industry. It likewise soon becomes obvious that while before, Andrea's goal is merely to please Melinda and thus secure her job, she eventually begins to fit into the mold of her boss. And therein lies her struggle - apparent in the change that her boyfriend Nath and two other close friend s observe. She tries to keep the friends and values she has known and cherished but now seems to find them in conflict with the new world she moves in and which, if she were honest with herself as Nath had asked her to be, she actually reveled in. Her crucial moment of truth and decision comes when she realizes that beneath the brittle veneer of might and power that Melinda Priestly presents to the world is a very human person - caring about family, protective of her children, hurt by the loss of a husband through divorce. Does Melinda Priestly really enjoy the kind of leader she has become, or has she been forced to fit into this mold - forced to be tough, work-oriented, utilitarian, uncaring - because that is what is expected of her as editor of the most powerful and influential fashion magazine, because that is the only way she can get the job done. Andrea gets a glimpse of this when Melinda explains why she had to sacrifice one of her oldest and closest friends and a most loyal associate - to ensure that she is not replaced as editor. Quite simply she explains that no one can take her place because the magazine cannot hold on to its coveted spot as fashion leader without her at the helm. On the surface, the movie seems to provide a literal example of the absence of servant-leadership as defined in the philosophy and concepts advanced by Robert Greenleaf and by the idea espoused by various religious traditions. By its title alone, "The Devil Wears Prada", it is obvious that the movie means to depict the lead character in the image of the antithesis of the archetype of servant leadership, the Christian's Jesus Christ. The Christ spirit in the Christian Scriptures manifests the values of leadership and a relationship that involves patience, kindness, humility, respectfulness, selflessness,

Morality and Obligation Essay Example for Free

Morality and Obligation Essay 1. Two preliminary steps taken, that may be necessary, before one can intuitively appreciate the rightness of an action are thinking fully about the consequences of an action. In other words, think before you act. Also give thought (consideration) to the persons involved in said action or your relation(ship) with the persons involved. 2. An action is considered morally good in addition to being right when it is the right thing to do, while also stemming from a good place. When the person or agent performs said act because it is right, from a feeling of obligation, a morally good act is also right. 3. According to Prichard, an action done from a sense of obligation, there is no purpose consisting either in the action itself or in anything which it will produce. A motive, being something that moves one to act, can be the sense of obligation, an action done from a sense of obligation can indeed have a motive. 4. Avirtuous act is done from a desire that is intrinsically good. A moral act may be done from obligation. There cant be an obligation to act virtuously, because we can only feel an obligation to act or do something. We cannot, however, feel an obligation to act from a certain desire 5. It is a mistake to expect moral philosophy to prove through argumentation that we ought to fulfill our obligations, because moral rightness cannot be demonstrated, only apprehended directly by an act of moral thinking. The sense of obligation is a result of a moral thought or thoughts. Moral philosophy can provide reflection on the immediacy of our knowledge of moral rightness and the intuitive recognition of the goodness of the virtues.

Robert Frost Essay -- essays research papers fc

â€Å"Good fences makes good neighbors,† is a small portion from the Mending Wall written by one of modern times most proficient writers, Robert Frost. Two of the critical articles I examined were quite helpful in gaining a better understanding of the â€Å"Mending Wall† and also of Robert Frost’s poetry. The Gale Research shows the best and most effective understanding of the â€Å"Mending Wall,† mainly because it deals specifically with that poem. It basically states that the poem is built around two attitudes, that of the speaker, which the Gale critic presumes is the poet, who is imaginative and an independent thinker and that of the neighbor, who prefers not to question anything (Gale). The other article deals more with other poetry that Robert Frost has written and helps explain common themes. One critic states that Frost’s poetry contains a theme of nature and mankind being one entity (Wagner 12).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  According to the Gale Research article, the poet is describing the relationship between the two different men who have the same common interest in repairing the wall. It goes on explaining how they walk on each of their sides of the wall, picking up stones and replacing the oddly shaped and shattered ones. It shows the mental differences between the speaker and the neighbor by stating that the speaker, the more imaginary one, wanted to use a spell to fix the oddly shaped stones, while the more down to earth one wanted to use his hands and labor (Gale).   &...

Impacts of mobile phone Essay

Mobile phones being one of the most successful inventions of the twentieth century has become a necessity in today’s world as the world is living in an electronic age where it has given birth to globalisation. The latest mobile phones consist of different functions such as surfing the internet or playing music , it is still mainly used as a form of communication which can be used anywhere at anytime. This is due to the fact that it has a unique networked system which needs no wiring , fixation or botheration. As our modern day society , the constant use of mobile phones have brought us a point where it is almost impossible for us to imagine our day-to-day life without it. Our society is oblivious to how much we depend on the use of mobile phones but we only realise that we need it in all spheres of our lives . It plays an important role in our lives especially around people we love especially our family . As a form of communication , it has brought us closer to our family in certain ways but yet it has also cause a disruption in family relationships. This essay will elaborate more on the how a mobile phone has both positive as well as a negative impacts in the relationship of a family. This modern gadget has done a massive impact on our relationships, especially family life. It has facilitate communication and help us keep in touch with our family even when not being physically together. In addition to that , it has allowed frequent and spontaneous communication between family members which causes an increase in people’s capacity to maintain emotional intimacy among themselves. Not only that , parents are able to know how their child is doing if they’re studying abroad. At least they would have a peace of mind knowing that their child is safe and that their child is just a quick phone call away from them. They can also feel better knowing that their child can either contact them or the authorities in cases of emergency. Read more:Â  Essay About Negative Effects of Smartphones on Youth However , when mobile phones are used excessively ,it will limit the time a person interacts with their family members physically as they tend to become oblivious of the surrounding especially people around them. This is due to being fixated on constantly checking for text messages , emails and chats as well as playing games and music. When these family interaction become limited , the family members tend to forget the importance of communicating with one another causing them to lose personal contact and listening skills which is essential in building a strong relationship with one another. In addition , parents complain about their children not answering their mobile phones. This causes the parent to feel frustrated and will eventually lose trust towards their child. To sum up, it will increase distress and cause a steep decrease in family satisfaction. In conclusion , mobile phones have its own positive impact as a strong communication device which makes family interaction between one another easier especially when family members are far away from each other. But if we wary and slither into dependency on communicating with our family using a mobile phone , then in the future, people will lose their ability to have a conversation and how they interact with each family member. This will open up a Pandora’s box , with time , it gets worse resulting in conflicts not resolved and non of the family members know much about each other. Since mobile phones have both positive and negative impacts we have to figure out ways of how mobile phones can enhance humanity and not degrade it.

The Wealth of Nations Essay - 1349 Words

In 1759 Adam Smith, then a thirty-six year old Professor of Moral Philosophy at Glasgow University, published his Theory of Moral Sentiments. This work attracted the attention of the guardians of the immensely wealthy Duke of Buccleuch towards retaining its author as a tutor to the youthful Duke whilst on a protracted, and hopefully educational, quot;Grand Tourquot; of continental Europe. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;While tutoring from 1763 Adam Smith found some of the time spent in the French provinces hard to fill and seems to have begun his masterpiece An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations, as a way of taking up otherwise idle hours in the summer of 1764. Overall however he derived much personal†¦show more content†¦Accordingly, they imposed prohibitive or deterring duties on the importation of foreign manufacturers; they gave bounties to the corresponding home manufactures. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Smith found that the French Physiocrats delighted in attempting to prove that the whole Mercantilist structure of the French laws upon industry was utterly wrong; that the prohibitions ought not to be imposed on the import of foreign manufacturers; that bounties ought not to be given to native ones; that the exportation of corn ought to be free; that the whole country ought to be a fiscal unit; that there should be no duty between any province; and so on in other cases. Smith found much that he admired in the Physiocrats outlook but he did not share it completely. Amongst other things the Physiocrats saw land as the primary source of wealth (one seed sown might produce twenty at harvest!) rather than manufacturing. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;On the completion of his duties as tutor Smith then returned, after some further months spent in London, to Scotland where he stayed quietly with his mother at his native town of Kirkcaldy and occupied himself in study and writing. It was to be in 1776, that Adam Smith finally saw his quot;Wealth of Nationsquot; through the press. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Adam Smiths quot;Wealth of Nationsquot; is regarded as having been the first great work of Political Economy. It is in some ways an enhancement of his quot;Theory ofShow MoreRelatedWealth of Nations1626 Words   |  7 PagesMichelle Trejo Dr. King Human Nature and the Social Order II June 6, 2008 â€Å"The Wealth of Nations† Adam Smith, the author of â€Å"The Wealth of Nations†, was a Scottish moral philosopher during the Industrial Revolution who was inspired by his surroundings to write about the field of economics. Being a man of intellect on various types of philosophical views, Smith was able to portray his passionate feelings about political thought through his well-written works. While publishing his book, Smith becameRead More The Wealth of Nations Essay955 Words   |  4 PagesThe Wealth of Nations Adam Smith’s famous attempt to explain the nature and causes of the wealth of nations rests on several crucial assumptions about human nature which in turn rely on false universalism and questionable dichotomies. To begin with, Smith makes roughly three claims about human nature. Primarily, Smith assumes that self-interest is inherent in all human beings. As opposed to animals which rely on benevolence, in opposition to natural pity (Rousseau p. 53), the human â€Å"will beRead MoreWealth of Nations Summary2605 Words   |  11 PagesAN INQUIRY INTO THE NATURE AND CAUSES OF THE WEALTH OF NATIONS by Adam Smith (Chapters I-VIII Summary) Submitted to: Sir Lemuel P. Del Rosario Submitted by: Rian Karlo Z. Punzalan Section:2B-G2 CHAPTER I THE DIVISION OF LABOUR. When a work is broken down into much smaller work and distributed into individuals that specialize in that work, we can achieve maximum productivity. For example the work of making a computer program can be divided up into these assignments. 1. The main programmerRead MoreWealth Of Nations By Adam Smith1574 Words   |  7 PagesIn his book, Wealth of Nations, Adam Smith makes arguments to support free-trade. These arguments range from having to do with war, all the way to the structure of social classes. 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Management has evolved over the years and will continue to as people and procedures do as well. March 9, 1776 marked the date that Adam Smith wrote his widely known book â€Å"The Wealth of Nations†. The book s original name is â€Å"An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations, however it is not recognized by the majority public as so. Smith originally wrote the novel to dismember the thought that mercantilism was a good idea. Only selling goods and gaining nothing fromRead MoreThe Wealth Of Nations By Adam Smith1384 Words   |  6 Pagesworld. Some books, such as the Bible, have influenced Christians. Common Sense by Thomas Paine encouraged Americans to join the fight against the British. Other books, however, do more than simply encourage; they introduce a new philosophy. The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith is claimed to aid the philosophy of what would one day become modern economics. One author wrote two books that would change the course of history. 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An excerpt from Smith’s renown book reads, â€Å"[E]very individual necessarily labours to render the annual revenue of society as great as he can. He generally, indeed, neit her intends to promote the public interest, nor knows how much he is promoting it . . . he intends only his own gain, and he is in this, as in many other cases, led by an invisible hand to promoteRead MoreThe Wealth Of Nations By Adam Smith1774 Words   |  8 PagesAdam Smith’s masterpiece writing, The Wealth of Nations, attempts to create a different understanding of the economy from his age. The focus mainly remains on mercantilism the most prevalent economic system for Western Society at this time. Smith’s simple and in-depth explanations of even the most basic economic concepts allow for someone with little to no prior knowledge of economics to easily grasp his meaning, and coupling these explanations with real life examples provides even more teaching

Civil Disobedience By Martin Luther King - 1077 Words

In the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, civil disobedience is defined as â€Å"a public nonviolence and conscientious breach of law undertaken with the aim of bringing about a change in laws or government policies†. Martin Luther King sought to end the unjust law of segregation in a nonviolent campaign. He outlines the four basic steps: â€Å"collection of the facts to determine whether injustices exist; negotiation; self-purification; and direct action† behind the beauty of a nonviolent campaign. King also described the differences between just and unjust laws. King says that we have a â€Å"moral responsibility to disobey unjust laws†. While King was incarcerated in Birmingham he sent this letter to the Clergyman that believes King’s†¦show more content†¦This is absolutely absurd. How it is that one city has more brutality towards the African American culture than any city in the whole state. The next step on the King’s theory is to n egotiate. In the letter from Birmingham jail, king wanted to negotiate with the clergyman about the equal rights for the African Americans. Kings wanted to negotiate with the government about the desegregation of African Americans, because they were still getting the house bombed and they were segregated from school and other public places. After the civil the segregation was prohibited from the United States. King wanted to negotiate with the government. But he was held to broken promises. In Antigone, Antigone skipped this step and didn’t negotiate with the Creon about his brother’s burial, â€Å"I’ll bury my brother-your brother too† (line 49). She stated this to her Ismene that if she is not going to help then she is going to do the deed alone. Antigone took the next step self-purification, and made the decision of burying her brother. If she would have tried to negotiate with the Creon, maybe it would be different outcome. The third step in Kings no n-violent civil disobedience is self-purification, which means getting rid of all the pollution out of your body. In â€Å"letter from Birmingham jail† king wanted every African American to take their anger out of their minds and be part of nonviolent campaign. In Antigone,

Espionage in the American Civil War Essay - 5553 Words

Gardner-Webb University Boiling Springs, NC Term Paper INTELLIGENCE IN THE AMERICAN CIVIL WAR: THE DEVELOPMENT OF INTELLIGENCE IN THE AMERICAN CIVIL WAR AND THE EFFECTS OF THE ESPIONAGE SYSTEM ON THE WAR Lauren E. Caulder HIS 318-C Fall 2011 Espionage at the commencement of the American Civil War was not an organized system; however the war necessitated the development of more structured intelligence systems for both the Union and the Confederacy. By the middle of the war the dimensions of the espionage system had augmented significantly. Thus espionage came to play a critically important role that affected general’s decisions in both the North and the South, ultimately affecting the outcome of the Civil War as a whole.†¦show more content†¦In fact, Pinkerton’s agency and espionage tactics formed the basis for the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI). The Bureau of Military Information (BMI), founded by General Hooker in 1863, was directed by George Sharpe. A vast collection of reports from the BMI were discovered at the National Archives in 1959 by Edwin Fishel. These reports disclosed that, in contrast to Pinkerton’s system, Sharpe’s unit used a host of sources in gathering intelligence, including cavalry, spies, balloonists, Signal Corps observers, scouts, and interrogations of prisoners and deserters. By merging the information gathered from all of his sources, Sharpe was able to provide Hooker with a comprehensive description of enemy standing. General Grant, who initially placed minimal importance upon intelligence gathering, came to view intelligence as a vital tool and depended upon Sharpe’s reports and the activity of the BMI to provide him with secret information. In fact, â€Å"the BMI became an integral part of Grant’s successful campaign to neutralize the Shenandoah Valley and to stretch L ee’s manpower to the brink of collapse.† Confederate espionage definitely had the advantage at the outbreak of the war. By early 1861, the Rebels had already established a spy ring in the Yankee political and military capital, Washington, D.C. The Confederacy benefitted largely from its numerous individual operatives. Though the South made efforts to establish a regulatedShow MoreRelatedSpies And The Cold War1343 Words   |  6 PagesThe Cold War introduced many new things to the world. The possibility of nuclear war, the internet, advanced technology, space programs, etc. But one of the more well-known advances would have to be spies and espionage. Espionage was used before the Cold War but the war increased the popularity of espionage. It was portrayed as romantic and exciting, but the reality wasn’t romantic. It was a dangerous job; if you were caught you would be tortured for information or killed with little to no hope ofRead MoreThe United States Treatment of Japanese Americans During World War II1216 Words à ‚  |  5 Pagespersons† were Japanese Americans, 2/3 citizens and 1/3 aliens, and the designated area was the West Coast of the United States. The Executive Order to place the Japanese living in the United States into internment camps was deemed necessary due to the recent attack on Pearl Harbor, December 7, 1941, by Japan. The United States government gave several justifications, both military and constituently for the decision of the camps. However, not all of the Japanese Americans took the order in strideRead MoreOver The Course Of History We Have Seen Examples Of When1127 Words   |  5 Pagescourse we have observed how espionage has shaped the world and what is their impact on societies. For this essay three particular pieces of media spanning across decades, will be observed, all are centered on the theme of espionage. The three sources that all involve espionage, in Zhitomirsky’s gallery we see artistic depictions of political figures, with the purpose of spreading hatred against The U.S.A.. In Provoke the artists took real life pictures of the civil war that was occurring in JapanRead MoreEssay on Civil Liberties During World War One798 Words   |  4 PagesMackenzie Deane Period 4 Civil Liberties during World War One According to the Bill of Rights, â€Å"Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances.† Nowhere in the First Amendment does it state that in times of war, the government can change the laws that have been made toRead More Womens Roles During Times of War Essay1307 Words   |  6 PagesWomens Roles During Times of War Despite the prevalence of war goddesses in most traditions from China to Greece to Ireland, women have been separated from the front lines of war for centuries. Western tradition claims that women are not made for war, but for household work: sewing, cleaning, cooking, and looking after children. Society told women to carry brooms in lieu of swords; to collect firewood instead of ammunition, and to keep house rather than protect a nation. Yet, for centuriesRead MoreU.s. Foreign Policy Of Containment1074 Words   |  5 Pagesthe Cold War in order to prevent the spread of Communist ideology of the Soviet Union in other countries. After World War II, George Kennan, â€Å"...a career diplomat and expert on Russia†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (Roark, Pg.867), had anticipated that the Soviet Union wanted to gain power and expand Communism throughout other countries, so in order to provide a counterforce and protect American capitalism, Kennan developed the idea of containment that defended threaten co untries from Communist power with American atomic weaponsRead MoreJapanese Internment Camps841 Words   |  3 PagesThe Second World War was an international event which drastically impacted the world as a whole. With the war came a new found sense of mistrust throughout society. American and Canadian communities were divided due to the fear of espionage and sabotage, forms of spying which could help aid the enemy in war. This division promoted distrust, discrimination and violence toward Japanese immigrants and their children. To offset these fears resulting from war, Japanese Americans and Japanese CanadianRead MoreU.s. National Security And Foreign Policy1427 Words   |  6 Pagesrelations between the United States and multiple countries. Moreover, research acquired from journals, academic books, congressional documents, and scholarly articles will be used to strengthen the argument that the ramifications of whistleblowing and espionage in the Information Age have heightened t he potential for damage to U.S. foreign relations and national security. The infamous cases of Aldrich Ames and Edward Snowden have been highly publicized and extensively researched by the intelligence communityRead MoreThe War I Was Considered The Great War1338 Words   |  6 PagesWorld War I is considered the Great war, â€Å"the war to end all wars.† Under President Woodrow Wilson, America entered a war that was the first of its kind, involving several major powers worldwide. Starting in Europe, World War I would lead to changes that still affect the world today. The Great War also produced questions on morals, loyalty, and nationalism that are still relevant today. Before the Great War progressed too far, Woodrow Wilson explicitly stated, â€Å"the United States must be neutralRead MoreWomen Spies in the American Civil War2015 Words   |  9 Pagesmillion deaths the most gruesome war in American history drove citizens to action. The suffering during this era was so great many were inspired by nationalism to act. For those who were unable to join the fight upon the battlefield, espionage represented a chance for personal involvement. Although it is believed that many agents never sought recognition for their service, especially Confederate scouts, documentation depicts the espionage present during the American Civil War to be surprisingly sophisticated

Case Studies on Ethics for Student Affairs free essay sample

Case Studies on Ethics for Student Affairs her research on ethics and learning communities, among other areas. The knowledge possessed and presented by these highly qualified professionals melds seamlessly in oice and style in creating an applicable and comprehensive paradigm. Whereas previous student services writings addressed ethics and ethical decision making thoroughly, Case studies stands out for the breadth of recent knowledge accumulated from more than 50 graduate students and new and mid-level professionals. The editors do not make any pretention that the text is anything but a compilation of potential in-class-based group discussion formulas based on case studies. In that regard, the first two chapters are fairly broad and direct: Chapter One provides a general overview of professional student affairs ethics within the rubric of rofessional development and identity. Adequate, but not extensive, attention is paid to a cursory literature review. The foundation of Chapter One entails an explanation of an ethical rubric that relies on an individuals resources of background beliefs, character or beliefs, and virtue (Hamrick Benjamin, 2009, p. We will write a custom essay sample on Case Studies on Ethics for Student Affairs or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page ). The use of these resources in combination, according to Hamrick and Benjamin, leads to greater understanding within a particular institutional culture and the overall profession. The chapter, therefore, provides a sound basis for setting the stage for the main focus of the remainder of the book. Chapter Two identifies specific strategies and approaches for analyzing the presented ethical case studies and provides a sample case study with the applied approach explicated by the editors. The framework includes identifying relevant situational characteristics; analyzing the situation; consulting ethical principles; identifying and consulting relevant ethical standards; recommending actions and strategies; and appraising the decision (Hamrick Benjamin, 2009, pp. 18-20). The best portion of the chapter, however, entails the thorough discussion presented by the sample case study. The case study, similar to he ones presented later in the book, is fairly brief (three or four full paragraphs) and describes major characters and situations. Some details are presented and the main issue is framed to appear at the end of the presentation. The requisite do and why? appears at the end to prompt discussion. question What should Drs. Hamrick and Benjamin have utilized their extensive knowledge as editors and authors to crystallize the case studies into the sections for Chapters Three through Seven: academic student services; enrollment services; residence life; student co-curricular and Greek life; and mentoring and professional advancement. Although the examples are far ranging and informative, with major issues and hypothetical characters identified, the text would have been better served by utilizing the same approach as Chapter Two: picking out a smaller number of examples and providing a more detailed case analysis for those examples. Additionally, the only exposition given after each of the examples in the text was the formulaic question: what should the main character do and Media Review: Maybe I Should . .. Case Studies on Ethics for Student Affairs why? One could imagine that specific case studies, such as the cleverly named An Arrested RA Development or Treading Water in the Candidate Pool, would have been worthy of their own full chapter. Although the examples utilized are variations of real-world experiences, I could not help but wonder if there would have been added value in presenting ethical dilemmas that were presented previously in the public realm. Many of the details surrounding these experiences are not as well known or presented as in this text. However, many of the outcomes have already been decided. It would have been interesting to present some of those examples within the same ubric as the sanitized case studies. There are three appendices presented: one for the ACPA, NASPA, and CAS Professional Ethics statements; one that provides an additional ethical exercise; and a final one that provides suggestions and useful information for instructors and facilitators. The most useful appendix is the first one, which provides the gold standard for our professional ethics. A subject index provides an easy guide for cross-referencing the examples by case title, constituent group targeted, the broad issue addressed, institutional type, population type, and page location in the book. The placement of the subject index would have been better served at the beginning of the text rather than at the end. The text succeeds as a standard text or workbook and would be best utilized in a group setting. It can also be used individually as a reminder of how a person utilized similar skills in similar past situations or in how to deal with present or future incidents. As entering, new, or seasoned student affairs professionals, we can all certainly appreciate the ability to apply not only our skills and abilities but our ethical stances in solving everyday issues.

Philosophy of Law free essay sample

PHL 612 Philosophy of Law [Calendar Description]: What is law? What makes something a legal norm? Should citizens always obey the law? What is the relationship between law and morality? This course will explore competing theories of law, such as natural law and positivism, and touch on crucial debates over civil disobedience, purposes of punishment, and interpretation of legal texts. It will deal with contemporary controversies over the legal regulation of human behaviour, for instance in matters of sexual morality. Grading Scheme: Course Evaluation: Grades will be determined in the following manner: Task Value Date Midterm Test 25% Week 7 Essay Assignment* 30% Week 11 (March 28) Final Exam 45% TBA *Essay Assignment will be 1750 2250 words (Approximately 7 9 pages) OR Alternative Community-based/ Service Learning Opportunity Marks for assignments will be posted on Course Website on Blackboard Any alterations in any of the above will be discussed in class prior to being implemented. The usual process for making alterations to the grading scheme includes: (a) discussing the changes with the class; (b) making such revisions as early as possible in the course; and (c) confirming the changes both orally and in writing (handout or posting to course website). We will write a custom essay sample on Philosophy of Law or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page NOTE: Faculty Course Surveys will be administered online Readings and Resources: There will be a Course Website on Blackboard. Course readings will be comprised of selected journal articles and court cases as specified in the Course Schedule. The readings are itemized and numbered in the Course Schedule below. All course readings can be accessed electronically. Many are available through links found in the Course Readings area of the course website on Blackboard (through Ryerson University Library electronic holdings). Court cases can be accessed through the CanLII website. NOTE: The full references and citations for the readings follow under the heading â€Å"Sources/ References for Course Readings†. Powerpoint Presentations and Instructors Supplemental Notes will be posted in the Documents area of the course website on Blackboard. Other documents will be posted in the Documents area, and figures and charts are posted in the Information area. Please note: A variety and diversity of readings on the issues are included in order to give students choices for the essay topics; only specified readings will be the focus of the questions on the mid term test and final exam. ELABORATION ON COURSE CONTENT: In this course we will focus on the conceptual issues arising from philosophical questions about law: What is law? What makes law valid? How do moral norms and legal norms overlap, and yet ultimately, differ from each other? How do moral perspectives impact upon and influence the articulation and interpretation of legal norms? In what ways do particular interpretations of legal documents and legal rulings provide reasons for acting or deciding (if one is a judge)? What are judges disagreeing about when they disagree about how to decide a particular case what the law is, or what it ought to be? Does what the law is sometime depend on what it ought to be? Are we morally obligated to obey each and every law, even when the content of a particular law is contrary to justified morality? Theories and principles to be explored throughout the course include several variants of Natural Law, Legal Positivism, and Interpretivism, as well as Feminist Theory and Critical Race Theory. Course materials will also engage with debates over the role of the Harm Principle, Moralism and Paternalism, especially in the context of Criminal Law. In order to bring these often very abstract issues to life, we will examine a selection of high profile and prominent decisions (mainly from Canadian courts, and frequently from the Supreme Court of Canada) which can be said to have changed the law, and in which the judges of the court have disagreed among themselves. Cases to be covered concern controversial issues such as Battered Woman Syndrome, Euthanasia/ Physician Assisted Suicide, Hate Speech, Marijuana Use, Obscenity/ Pornography, Prostitution, or topics in human rights (i. e. , freedom of expression, national security and the right not to be tortured, or religious freedom). Analysis of cases will include exploration and examination of the philosophical aspects of crucial terms and concepts that appear in Canadian law, such as in the Criminal Code of Canada, or in the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. PLEASE NOTE: Philosophical theories of punishment, such as deterrence (based on the ethical theory of utilitarianism), retributivism (based on the ethical theory of deontology), denunciation, and restorative justice are covered comprehensively in a different course, PHL 449, Philosophy of Punishment. Throughout the course, there will be an iterative process for learning, one in which philosophical theories and perspectives on the nature of law are scrutinized in the context of the reasoning of the judges in real world cases, in order to make more sense of what was at stake, philosophically as well as legally. Finally, at the culmination of the course, there should be an opportunity to delve into the debates over the justification of civil disobedience and the theoretical foundations of the rule of law, topics that can help to bring together many of the themes of the course as a whole. Our goal in this course is to think more critically about our concepts of law, and the values and principles reflected and represented in our laws. Course materials deal with topics and issues that can evoke strong moral reactions and raise sensitive issues. The goal of subjecting the topics to philosophical scrutiny and analysis to articulate, clarify and elaborate on the insights to be gleaned from reliance upon logical reasoning and critical argumentation. Philosophers believe that significant progress can be realized through efforts made to examine and explore the conceptual and theoretical convergences and divergences between competing and contrasting positions in public policy debates. Classroom discussions can be expected to be full of argument and debate, and yet we should all expect of ourselves and each other that the discussions will be conducted in a spirit of inquiry, exemplifying respect, civility, courtesy and goodwill. Course Schedule: Course Schedule: Wednesdays from 11:10 am to 2:00 pm, East Kerr Hall, Room 225 Week One Classes begin Friday January 10 *NOTE: Please see Sources and References below (following the Course Schedule) for information on the course readings (available through the Blackboard course website or on the internet) Week One/ Wednesday January 15: TOPIC – Introduction to Philosophy of Law; Conceptualizing Law And Reading a Case (1) Riggs v. Palmer [Link in Course Readings] Week Two/ Wednesday January 22: TOPIC – Cluster Concepts of Law READINGS: (2) Brian Tamanaha, â€Å"Law† [Link in Course Readings] Week Three/ Wednesday January 29: TOPIC – Legal Theory: Classical and Modified Legal Positivism READINGS: (3) H. L. A. Hart, â€Å"Positivism and the Separation of Law and Morals† [Link in Course Readings] *NOTE: The key portions of the article by H. L. A. Hart are the following: section I, pages 594 (middle) 605, plus pages 614 (middle, beginning with We can now return to the main point ) and section IV, pages 615 (middle) to 621 top. The Grudge Informer case is discussed on pages 618-619. Week Four/ Wednesday February 5: Legal Theory: Classical Natural Law Theory READINGS: (4) Lon Fuller, â€Å"Positivism and Fidelity to Law: A Reply to Professor Hart† [Link in Course Readings] *NOTE: The key portions of the article by Lon Fuller are the following: section I, pages 633-638, plus section V. pages 648 (middle) 661 (middle). The Grudge Informer case is discussed on pages 652-653. Week Five/ Wednesday February 12: Legal Theory: Procedural Natural Law Theory PLUS Riggs v Palmer AND Review for Mid Term Test READINGS: Review (3) and (4) Week Six/ February 17 – February 21: No Classes; Study Week/ Winter Break Week Seven/ Wednesday February 26: TOPIC – MID TERM TEST Week Eight/ Wednesday March 5: TOPIC – Paternalism and Moralism AND Charter Jurisprudence, Prostitution and Feminist Legal Theory READINGS: (5) and (6) John Stuart Mill, Excerpts from On Liberty, Chapter 1 and Chapter 2 [Link in Course Readings] (7) Gerald Dworkin, â€Å"Paternalism† [Link in Course Readings] (8) Bedford v. Canada [Available online through CanLII] Week Nine/ Wednesday March 12: TOPIC – TOPIC – Charter Jurisprudence and Marijuana Use READINGS: (9) R. v. Malmo? Levine; R. v. Caine (combined decision, excerpts) [Available online through CanLII] Week Ten/ Wednesday March 19: TOPIC – Charter Jurisprudence and Euthanasia READINGS: (10a) Rodriguez v. Attorney-General of B. C. (SCC) (excerpts) [Available online through CanLII] (10b) Rodriguez v. Attorney-General of B. C. (BCCA) (excerpts) [Available online through CanLII] Week Eleven/ Wednesday March 26: Guest Speaker, Nicole Bernhardt on Critical Race Theory PLUS TOPIC – Charter Jurisprudence and Pornography READINGS : (11) Carol Aylward, â€Å"Critical Race Theory† [Link in Course Readings] (12) Martha Fineman, â€Å"Feminist Legal Theory† [Link in Course Readings] (13) R. v. Butler (excerpts) [Available online through CanLII] *ESSAY DUE (Friday March 28) Friday March 28, 2014: Final Date to Drop Without Academic Penalty Week Twelve/ Wednesday April 2: TOPIC Battered Woman Syndrome and Feminist Legal Theory READINGS: (14) R. v. Lavallee (excerpts) [Available online through CanLII] Week Thirteen/ Wednesday April 9: TOPIC Religious Freedom PLUS Review for Final Exam READINGS: (15) Multani v. Commission scolaire Marguerite-Bourgeoys (16) Trinity Western University v. British Columbia College of Teachers OR TOPIC – Interpretivism READINGS: (17) Ronald Dworkin, â€Å"Law as Interpretation† [Link in Course Readings] (18) Ronald Dworkin, â€Å"Laws Ambitions for Itself† [Link in Course Readings] Thursday April 10, 2014: Classes End Final Examination Period: Monday April 14, 2013 to Monday April 28, 2013 Sources/ Citations for Course Readings: (1) Riggs v. Palmer 115 NY 506, Court of Appeals of New York (1889). Link in Course Readings and Available online: http://www. courts. state. ny. us/reporter/archives/riggs_palmer. htm (2) Tamanaha, Brian. 2008. â€Å"Law†, Oxford International Encyclopedia of Legal History, St. Johns Legal Studies Research Paper No. 08-0095. Link in Course Readings and Available online: http://papers. ssrn. com/sol3/papers. cfm? abstract_id=1082436rec=1srcabs=1012051 (3) Hart, H. L. A. 1958. (1958) â€Å"Positivism and the Separation of Law and Morals† Harvard Law Review, Volume 71, Number 4 (Feb. , 1958), pages 593-629. Link in Course Readings and Available online through Ryerson University Library; URL: http://www. jstor. org/stable/1338225 (4)Fuller, Lon. 1958. â€Å"Positivism and Fidelity to Law: A Reply to Professor Hart†, Harvard Law Review, Volume 71, Number 4 (Feb. , 1958), pages 630-672. Link in Course Readings and Available online through Ryerson University Library; URL: http://www. jstor. org/stable/1338226 (5) Mill, John Stuart. 1869. On Liberty, Chapter One, â€Å"Introductory†. Link in Course Readings and Available online: http://www. utilitarianism. com/ol/one. html (6) Mill, John Stuart. 1869. On Liberty, Chapter Two, â€Å"Of the Liberty of Thought and Discussion†. Link in Course Readings and Available online: http://www. utilitarianism. com/ol/two. html (7) Dworkin, Gerald. 2010. â€Å"Paternalism†, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Link in Course Readings and Available online: http://plato. stanford. edu/entries/paternalism/ (8) Bedford v. Canada, 2013 SCC 72 (Supreme Court of Canada). Available online: CanLII: http://www. canlii. org/en/ca/scc/doc/2013/2013scc72/2013scc72. html (9) R. v. Malmo? Levine; R. v. Caine, [2003] 3 S. C. R. 571 (Supreme Court of Canada, combined decision); 2003 SCC 74 (CanLII). Available online : CanLII: http://www. canlii. org/en/ca/scc/doc/2003/2003scc74/2003scc74. html; http://www. canlii. org/en/ca/scc/doc/2003/2003scc74/2003scc74. pdf (10a) Rodriguez v. Attorney-General of B. C. [1993] 3 S. C. R. 519 (Supreme Court of Canada); 1993 CanLII 75 (SCC). Available Online: CanLII: http://www. canlii. org/en/ca/scc/doc/1993/1993canlii75/1993canlii75. html; http://www. canlii. org/en/ca/scc/doc/1993/1993canlii75/1993canlii75. pdf (10b) Rodriguez v. Attorney-General of B. C. [1992] 4 W. W. R. 109 (British Columbia Court of Appeal); 1993 CanLII 1191 (BC CA). Available Online: CanLII: http://www. canlii. org/en/bc/bcca/doc/1993/1993canlii1191/1993canlii1191. html; http://www. canlii. org/en/bc/bcca/doc/1993/1993canlii1191/1993canlii1191. pdf Excerpts Available in Canadian Cases in the Philosophy of Law, edited by Jerome Bickenbach, Third Edition, pages 160-166. Available Electronically through Ryerson University Library; Call Number: KE427. A7 C36 1998eb (11) Aylward, Carol. 1999. â€Å"Critical Race Theory†, Chapter 1 from Canadian Critical Race Theory: Racism and the Law, pages 19-49. Fernwood Books. Available through Ryerson University E Resources. Call Number: KE4410 . A94 1999eb (12) Fineman, Martha Albertson. 2005. â€Å"Feminist Legal Theory†, Journal of Gender, Social Policy and the Law, Volume 13, Number 1, 2005, pages 13-23. Link in Course Readings and Available online: http://www. wcl. american. edu/journal/genderlaw/13/fineman. pdf? rd=1 (13) R. v. Butler [1992] 1 S. C. R. 452 (Supreme Court of Canada), 1992 CanLII 124 (SCC). Available online: CanLII : http://www. canlii. org/en/ca/scc/doc/1992/1992canlii124/1992canlii124. html; http://www. canlii. org/en/ca/scc/doc/1992/1992canlii124/1992canlii124. pdf Excerpts in Canadian Cases in the Philosophy of Law, edited by Jerome Bickenbach, Third Edition, pages 87-95. Available Electronically through Ryerson University Library; Call Number: KE427. A7 C36 1998eb (14) R. v. Lavallee [1990] 1 S. C. R. 852 (Supreme Court of Canada). Available Online: CanLII: http://scc. lexum. org/en/1990/1990scr1-852/1990scr1-852. html; http://scc. lexum. org/en/1990/1990scr1-852/1990scr1-852. pdf Excerpts in Canadian Cases in the Philosophy of Law, edited by Jerome Bickenbach, Third Edition, pages 239-246. Available Electronically through Ryerson University Library; Call Number: KE427. A7 C36 1998eb (15) Multani v. Commission scolaire Marguerite-Bourgeoys, [2006] 1 S. C. R. 256, 2006 SCC 6 Available online: CanLII: http://www. canlii. org/en/ca/scc/doc/2006/2006scc6/2006scc6. html http://www. canlii. org/en/ca/scc/doc/2006/2006scc6/2006scc6. pdf (16) Trinity Western University v. British Columbia College of Teachers, [2001] 1 S. C. R. 772, 2001 SCC 31 Available online: CanLII: http://www. canlii. org/en/ca/scc/doc/2001/2001scc31/2001scc31. html http://www. canlii. org/en/ca/scc/doc/2001/2001scc31/2001scc31. pdf (17) Dworkin, Ronald. 1982. â€Å"Law as Interpretation†. Critical Inquiry, Volume 9, Number 1, The Politics of Interpretation (September 1982), pages 179-200. (18) Dworkin, Ronald. 1985. â€Å"Laws Ambitions for Itself†. Virginia Law Review, Volume 71, Number 2 (March 1985), pages 173-187. ADDITIONAL: (19) King, Martin Luther. â€Å"Letter from a Birmingham Jail†. Available online: http://www. africa. upenn. edu/Articles_Gen/Letter_Birmingham. html (20) Brownlee, Kimberley. 2007/ 2009. â€Å"Civil Disobedience†. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Available online: http://plato. stanford. edu/entries/civil-disobedience/ AND Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, Part I of the Constitution Act, 1982 being Schedule B to the Canada Act 1982 (U. K. ), 1982, c. 11. Sections 1, 2, 3, 7, 9, 10, 11, 12, and 15. Available Online: CanLII: http://www. canlii. org/en/ca/const/const1982. html ********************************** Recommended Resources for Future Learning: NOTE: There are links in course readings to some of these items. Christman, John. 2003/ 2009. â€Å"Autonomy in Moral and Political Philosophy†. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Available online: http://plato. stanford. edu/entries/autonomy-moral/ Crenshaw, Kimberle, Neil Gotanda, Gary Peller, and Kendall Thomas, editors. 1995. Critical Race Theory: The Key Writings That Formed the Movement. Available through Ryerson University Library; Call Number: KF4755. A75 C7 1995 Delgado, Richard and Jean Stefancic. 2012. Critical Race Theory: An Introduction. Second Edition. New York University Press. Delgado, Richard and Jean Stefancic, editors. 1999. Critical Race Theory: The Cutting Edge. Second Edition. Temple University Press. Available through Ryerson University Library; Call Number: KF4755 . C75 2000 Devlin, Patrick. 1971. â€Å"Morals and the Criminal Law†. In Morality and the Law, edited by Richard Wasserstrom (Wadsworth, 1971), pages 24-48 Dworkin, Gerald. 1971. â€Å"Paternalism†. In Morality and the Law, edited by Richard Wasserstrom (Wadsworth, 1971), pages 107-126 Dworkin, Ronald. 1971. â€Å"Lord Devlin and the Enforcement of Morals†. In Morality and the Law, edited by Richard Wasserstrom (Wadsworth, 1971), pages 55-72 Finnis, John. 2007. â€Å"Natural Law Theory†, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Available online: Fish, Stanley. 1982. â€Å"Working on the Chain Gang: Interpretation in Law and Literature†. Critical Inquiry, Volume 9, Number 1, 201-216. Reprinted in 60 Texas Law Review, 1981-1982, 551-567. Fuller, Lon. 1964/ 1969. The Morality of Law. Revised Edition. Yale University Press. Green, Leslie. 2003. â€Å"Legal Positivism†, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Available online: Hart, H. L. A. 1961/ 1994. The Concept of Law. Second Edition. Oxford University Press. Hart, H. L. A. 1971. â€Å"Immorality and Treason†. In Morality and the Law, edited by Richard Wasserstrom (Wadsworth, 1971), pages 49-54. Lefkowitz, David. 2007. â€Å"On a Moral Right to Civil Disobedience†. Ethics, Volume 117 (2), pages 202-233. Menkel-Meadow, Carrie. 2005. â€Å"Portia Redux: Another Look at Gender, Feminism and Legal Ethics†. In Susan Carle, editor, Lawyers’ Ethics and the Pursuit of Social Justice: A Critical Reader, 274-281. New York University Press. Available online: http://jay. law. ou. edu/faculty/jmaute/lawyering_21st_century/menkel-meadow. pdf Shapiro, Scott. 2007. â€Å"The ‘Hart-Dworkin Debate’: A Short Guide for the Perplexed†, University of Michigan Public Law Working Paper No. 77. Available online: http://ssrn. com/abstract=968657 Tamanaha, Brian. 2007. â€Å"A Concise Guide to the Rule of Law†, Florence Workshop on the Rule of Law, edited by Neil Walker, Gianluigi Palombella, St. Johns Legal Studies Research Paper No. 07-0082, Hart Publishing Company, 2007. Available online: http://ssrn. com/abstract=1012051 Tushnet, Mark. 2005. â€Å"Survey Article: Critical Legal Theory (without Modifiers) in the United States†. The Journal of Political Philosophy, Volume 13, Number 1, pages 99-112. Link in Course Readings and Available through Ryerson University E Resources. Waldron, Jeremy. 2008. â€Å"The Concept and the Rule of Law†, Georgia Law Review, NYU School of Law, Public Law Research Paper No. 08-50, 2008. Available online: Wasserstrom, Richard, editor. Morality and the Law. Wadsworth. Available through Ryerson University Library; Call Number: BJ55 . W3 1971 West, Robin. 1988. â€Å"Jurisprudence and Gender†. University of Chicago Law Review, Volume 55, Number 1, Winter, pages 1-72 (selected excerpts). Link in Course Readings and Available online: http://scholarship. law. georgetown. edu/cgi/viewcontent. cgi? article=1642context=facpub West, Robin. 1993. â€Å"Natural Law Ambiguities†, Georgetown Public Law and Legal Theory Research Paper No. 11-75, Connecticut Law Review, Volume 25, 1993, pp. 831 ff. ; Available online through Ryerson University Library; URL: http://papers. ssrn. com/sol3/papers. cfm? abstract_id=1846852 Recommended Additional Cases: Bedford v. Canada, 2010 ONSC 4264 (Ontario Superior Court of Justice) [Prostitution]; Available online: CanLII: http://www. canlii. org/en/on/onsc/doc/2010/2010onsc4264/2010onsc4264. html Bedford v. Canada, 2010 ONCA 814 (Ontario Court of Appeal) [Prostitution]; Available online: http://www. ontariocourts. ca/decisions/2012/2012ONCA0186. htm Carter v. Canada (Attorney General) 2012 B. C. S. C. 886; [Euthanasia/ Physician Assisted Suicide]; Available online: http://www. courts. gov. bc. ca/jdb-txt/SC/12/08/2012BCSC0886. htm R. v. Clay [2003] 3 S. C. R. 735, 2003 SCC 75 (CanLII) [Marijuana Use]; Available online: CanLII http://www. canlii. org/en/ca/scc/doc/2003/2003scc75/2003scc75. html; http://www. canlii. org/en/ca/scc/doc/2003/2003scc75/2003scc75. pdf Little Sisters Book and Art Emporium v. Canada (Minister of Justice), 2000 SCC 69, [2000] 2 S. C. R. 1120 [Obscenity/ Pornography]; Available Online: CanLII: http://www. canlii. org/en/ca/scc/doc/2000/2000scc69/2000scc69. html; http://www. canlii. org/en/ca/scc/doc/2000/2000scc69/2000scc69. pdf R. v. Malott [1998] 1 S. C. R. 123 (Supreme Court of Canada); 1998 CanLII 845 (SCC) [Battered Woman Syndrome]; Available Online: http://www. canlii. org/en/ca/scc/doc/1998/1998canlii845/1998canlii845. html; http://www. canlii. org/en/ca/scc/doc/1998/1998canlii845/1998canlii845. pdf; Excerpts in Fourth Edition ofCanadian Cases in the Philosophy of Law, edited by Jerome Bickenbach, pages 280-281. R. v. Zundel [1992] 2 S. C. R. 731 [Hate Speech]; Available online: CanLII: http://csc. lexum. org/en/1992/1992scr2-731/1992scr2-731. html; http://csc. lexum. org/en/1992/1992scr2-731/1992scr2-731. pdf Syndicat Northcrest v. Amselm [2004] 2 S. C. R. 551 Available online: CanLII: http://www. canlii. org/en/ca/scc/doc/2004/2004scc47/2004scc47. html http://www. canlii. org/en/ca/scc/doc/2004/2004scc47/2004scc47. pdf RECOMMENDED RESOURCES (General): Orin Kerr, â€Å"How To Read A Legal Opinion†, The Green Bag, Second Series, Volume 11, Number 1, Autumn 2007; Available online: Jim Pryor, â€Å"Guidelines on Reading Philosophy†, 2006 Jim Pryor, â€Å"Guidelines on Writing a Philosophy Paper†, 2006 Jim Pryor, â€Å"Philosophical Terms and Methods† Zachary Seech, Writing Philosophy Papers, Fifth Edition (Wadsworth, 2008) Lewis Vaughn and Jillian Scott McIntosh, Writing Philosophy: A Guide for Canadian Students (Oxford University Press, 2009) ************************************* Learning Objectives: Learning Objectives: This course will address issues in the Philosophy of law, as well as philosophical theories and principles which arise in law, specifically in the context of Charter jurisprudence. Thus, we will be examining what philosophers have to say about law, along with the influence of philosophical ideas on legal arguments and judgments. Through this course with its combination of lectures, discussions and assigned readings it is hoped that students will have opportunities to realize many of the following course objectives: I Appreciation of the philosophical implications of diverse conceptions of the meaning of law; IIComprehension of the salient features of, and differences between (i) natural law theory (classical and procedural variants); (ii) legal positivism (classical and modified variants); (iii) interpretivism; (iv) legal realism; (v) critical race theory; and (vi) feminist legal theory, and their respective contributions to conceptualizing and theorizing about law; III Insight into the relevance and significance of principles and theories including: (vii) the Harm Principle; (viii) Paternalism; (ix) Legal Moralism; (x) Quality of Life, (xi) Sanctity of Life, and (xii) Wrongness of Killing, as principles underlying legal measures, and especially criminal law; IVRecognition of the crucial dimensions of validity, normativity and justification, for assessing and analysing diverse perspectives on law; VInsight into the distinctions between moral norms and legal norms, along with their overlapping and enduring influence upon each other; VIComprehension of the salient distinctions between factual issues, value issues, and matters of interpretation, and insight into diverse theories about interpretation of legal language and legal rules. VIIAppreciation of principles, values and norms which are fundamental to liberal, democratic societies, such as autonomy, equality and liberty; VIIIInsight into the range and scope of arguments in favour of freedom of expression/ speech, such as the Argument from Truth, the Argument from Democracy and the Argument from Self-Realization, and the criticisms frequently raised against those arguments; IXAppreciation of philosophical aspects of diverse conceptions of the term â€Å"justice†, such as Compensatory Justice, Corrective Justice, Criminal Justice, Distributive Justice, Procedural Justice and Substantive Justice, and the relevance of these distinctive concepts for issues pertaining to philosophy of law; XInsight into the philosophical significance and salience of the conceptual framework for Charter jurisprudence, and selected passages of Charter cases that illustrate and illuminate the pervasive influence of philosophy on law. XIAbility to apply the general moral and legal principles and theories covered in the course to cases concerning contemporary controversies, such as abortion, adultery, advertising, battered woman syndrome, euthanasia, hate speech, marijuana use, pornography, prostitution, or to topics in human rights (i. e. , national security and the right not to be tortured, or religious freedom) in a perceptive and fruitful manner. XIIAppreciation of the relevance and significance of critical thinking skills for analysing, evaluating, and crafting arguments, including those found in the course materials. XIIIEnhancement and optimization of essay writing skills, including explication and interpretation of complex ideas, analysis, evaluation and development of arguments, including setting out a position and defending it, identifying and addressing criticisms and objections to one’s own position. Other Important Course Specific Information: *Notes on Assignments (General): Writing Assignments (including Essays, Case Studies, and Reflective Papers) are judged primarily on the basis of QUALITY, and SELECTION. Considerations include the ways in which the written work evidences a thoughtful, cogent and insightful articulation of ideas, as well as a coherent and consistent principle of selection used to decide what to include and what to leave out, and in what order/ sequence to present ideas, information and analysis, along with the writing style and optimal communication practices. Factors of optimal communication practices include: thoughtful, cogent and insightful articulation of ideas, coherent and effective sequencing of points, word choice, and development of ideas within an effective organizing framework. Factors of writing style include: grammar, punctuation, sentence structure, and paragraph demarcation. Tests and exams are judged primarily on the basis of QUANTITY and RELEVANCE how much information (as modified by interpretive significance) can be provided, that is relevant to the specific questions being asked in the time available. Word choice, cogent and coherent sequencing of points, and development of ideas within an effective organizing framework are important for tests and exams, as well as for essays. Less important for evaluating answers on tests and exams are matters of writing style, grammar, punctuation, sentence structure, and paragraph demarcation (which are all crucial for evaluating essays). The Mid-Term Test and the Final Exam will be comprised of a variety and combination of short answer and medium length questions (on terms and concepts, and theories and perspectives from course materials), and some longer essay type of questions, which call for integration and assimilation of course materials. There will likely be some choice of questions, and study questions will be provided beforehand to indicate the general format, the types of questions which will be asked, and the specific materials to be covered. The Mid-Term Test and the Final Exam can be expected to address topics, themes, issues, terms, concepts, theories, perspectives, information and ideas presented in the following: class lectures and discussion; assigned readings; powerpoint presentations; and other course documents (available on Blackboard). Late Penalties: A late penalty of 2 percent per day will apply to late papers. The penalty will not be applied where there is a medical situation or family emergency, with documentation. Late essays will normally not be accepted after the Final Examination period. Requests for extensions, accommodations or considerations should be made in person, over the telephone (voicemail), during drop in office hours or during a scheduled visit with a pre-arranged appointment time. **Instructors Email Policy: Email communication is NOT intended to supplant, or substitute for contact in person, or telephone communication, but rather to supplement them. Email is appropriate as a last resort, and for brief transmissions of crucial, time sensitive information. Email should not be used to try to replace telephone discussions, or exchanges of information which could happen during any of the following: in class; before or after class; drop in office hours; or a scheduled office visit with a pre-arranged appointment time. Assignments can be submitted electronically ONLY in order to meet a deadline (there will be an electronic record that the work was in on time), BUT a hard copy must also be provided to the instructor/ tutorial leader for the purposes of grading. QUOTATION, REFERENCING and CITATION One of the main purposes/ objectives/ goals of a written assignment is for students to demonstrate their own perspectives on the knowledge and insights gained from course materials, and to develop their own arguments and positions in relation to the course materials. Be sure to read the relevant course materials, and to make use of them – assimilate them, analyze them, and integrate arguments and points from them into your essay. Writing assignments can present fruitful and stimulating opportunities to find your own voice, to develop your own interpretations and come to your own understanding of the materials. You should endeavour to present your arguments and your ideas in your own words, and not to rely too heavily on quotation. To the extent that you will be relying upon ideas and information of others, be mindful that direct quotation or close paraphrasing without proper citation, and without giving proper credit, is plagiarism. Writers are expected to show respect for the ideas and information provided by others through proper, scholarly citation and referencing. This is the ethical and scholarly standard. It is crucial that information and ideas that you have not come up with on your own should be properly cited and referenced. You may use any style you wish to do so – whether in text citation (brackets) with reference list, or endnotes, or footnotes, and bibliography. You need to make your best efforts to document your sources, for any and all quotations or close paraphrases, especially including material taken from the internet. ACADEMIC INTEGRITY ***NOTE on Turnitin The Ryerson Student Code of Academic Conduct defines plagiarism and the sanctions for those who plagiarize. Courses at Ryerson University are able to make use of Turnitin’s integration for Blackboard Users, a process designed to help prevent and detect plagiarism. Ryerson University has subscribed to the Turnitin service which helps professors identify plagiarism and helps students maintain academic integrity. Turnitin’s products and services are designed with the aim of ensuring originality of student work, and providing efficient mechanisms for upholding the value of academic integrity. Turnitin is relied upon with the aspiration of helping to ensure that students whose work exemplifies academic integrity get proper recognition for their efforts, talents and abilities. The Turnitin. com service provides an advanced search technology that checks student papers (submitted to the system) against in-house copies of archived content, a proprietary database of previously submitted student papers, and materials found on the internet. Turnitin’s software provides an â€Å"Overall Similarity Index† and â€Å"Originality Report† which can provide the basis for further evaluation and investigations. http://www. turnitin. com/static/plagiarism. html PHL 612 will b